Category: Respiratory

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a condition where one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot. This clot typically originates from the deep veins in the legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs. Causes The primary cause of PE is the […]

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of hospital-acquired pneumonia that develops in patients who have been on mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube for at least 48 hours. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Causes VAP is primarily caused by bacterial infections, with common […]

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the alveoli in one or both lungs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. The alveoli fill with pus and fluid, making breathing painful and limiting oxygen intake. Causes Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, each with distinct characteristics: Signs & Symptoms The […]

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory condition of the lungs characterised by sudden onset of widespread inflammation, leading to pulmonary oedema, decreased lung compliance, and severe hypoxaemia. It typically arises in critically ill patients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Causes ARDS can be caused by a variety of direct […]

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or early morning. These episodes are associated with variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. Causes The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it […]

Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. There are two main types: Acute Bronchitis: Typically caused by viruses, often the same viruses that cause colds and flu. It can also be caused by bacterial infections or exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, and […]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella ☂️ term for progressive inflammatory lung diseases that cause airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. It typically involves a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Stages […]

SIMV VC+ (Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation with Volume Control Plus) combines the principles of SIMV and VC+ to deliver effective and adaptive ventilation. How SIMV VC+ Works Key Benefits Key Settings for SIMV VC+ P-TRIG (Pressure Trigger) V-TRIG (Flow Trigger) Lung Mechanics Lung mechanics refer to the physical properties and behaviors of the lungs and […]

Alveolar recruitment manoeuvres (ARMs) aim to reopen collapsed alveoli and improve oxygenation, especially in conditions like ARDS. Here are detailed techniques: References: 1. Tobin, M. J. (2008). Benefits of alveolar recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory Care 53(6), 783-793. [Accessed 5 July 2024]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772255/ 2. Gattinoni, L., Pesenti, A., […]

Inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) is a ventilation strategy used in mechanical ventilation to improve oxygenation in patients with respiratory problems. It works by altering the typical breathing pattern to prioritise inhalation over exhalation. Here’s a breakdown of IRV: Normal Breath Cycle: Inverse Ratio Ventilation (IRV): How IRV Works: Indications: Settings and Monitoring: Complications and Management: […]