Drug idiosyncrasies (Unforeseen Reactions) are unexpected and abnormal reactions to medications that are not dose-related or related to the known pharmacological properties of the drug. These reactions are typically unpredictable and often result from genetic variations, immune responses, or other individual-specific factors. Characteristics Examples Contraindications of Crushing Tablets Crushing tablets can alter the intended absorption, […]
Category: Gastrointestinal
Clotting Factors, Products & Abnormalities
Clotting factors, also known as coagulation factors, are proteins in the blood that work together to form a blood clot. This process, known as coagulation, is essential for stopping bleeding when an injury occurs. Clotting factors are part of a complex cascade of events, each activating the next in a precise sequence to ensure efficient […]
ROTEM Testing
ROTEM Testing ROTEM (Rotational Thromboelastometry) testing is a diagnostic tool used to assess the coagulation status of a patient’s blood in real time. It provides detailed information on clot formation, stability, and dissolution by measuring the viscoelastic properties of blood clots. This is particularly useful in managing bleeding disorders, guiding transfusion therapy, and monitoring coagulation […]
Re-feeding Syndrome
Re-feeding syndrome is a serious metabolic complication that can occur when malnourished individuals are reintroduced to food or nutrition too quickly. It happens because the body’s metabolism undergoes significant changes during malnutrition leading to severe electrolyte and fluid shifts. This condition is characterised by rapid changes in phosphate, potassium, and magnesium levels. Risk Factors Pathophysiology […]
Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH)
Abdominal hypertension, also known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), is a condition characterised by elevated pressure within the abdominal cavity. It can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to its impact on abdominal organs and systemic circulation. Categories of IAH : Definition Causes IAH can result from a variety of conditions that increase intra-abdominal volume […]
Liver Enzymes
Liver enzymes are proteins produced by the liver that play crucial roles in various metabolic processes. They are often measured in blood tests to assess liver function and diagnose liver diseases. The primary liver enzymes include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Common Liver Enzymes Measured in Blood […]
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), also known as consumptive coagulopathy, is a serious blood clotting disorder. It occurs when the body’s normal clotting mechanisms go awry, leading to widespread clotting throughout the small blood vessels (microvascular) in the body. What happens in DIC Pathophysiology DIC involves two main phases: Stage 1: The thrombotic phase Stage Stage […]
Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas
The human body relies on various glands to regulate its functions. These glands can be broadly classified into two categories: exocrine and endocrine. Each type has distinct modes of secretion and roles within the body. Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Differences Between Exocrine and Endocrine Glands Feature Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Secretion Method Through ducts to […]
Vitamins and Minerals Deficiencies
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that the body requires in small amounts to function correctly. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to a variety of health issues. This overview details common vitamin and mineral deficiencies, their causes, symptoms, management, and the importance of addressing them promptly. Vitamin Deficiencies Mineral Deficiencies References
Comprehensive Abdominal Assessment
A comprehensive abdominal assessment is crucial in identifying potential abnormalities or underlying conditions within the abdominal cavity. This assessment involves a systematic approach, including patient history, inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation, each targeting specific signs and symptoms. Abdominal Quadrants The abdomen is divided into four quadrants to help localise and diagnose symptoms or conditions more […]