Abdominal hypertension, also known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), is a condition characterised by elevated pressure within the abdominal cavity. It can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to its impact on abdominal organs and systemic circulation. Categories of IAH : Definition Causes IAH can result from a variety of conditions that increase intra-abdominal volume […]
Liver Enzymes
Liver enzymes are proteins produced by the liver that play crucial roles in various metabolic processes. They are often measured in blood tests to assess liver function and diagnose liver diseases. The primary liver enzymes include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Common Liver Enzymes Measured in Blood […]
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), also known as consumptive coagulopathy, is a serious blood clotting disorder. It occurs when the body’s normal clotting mechanisms go awry, leading to widespread clotting throughout the small blood vessels (microvascular) in the body. What happens in DIC Pathophysiology DIC involves two main phases: Stage 1: The thrombotic phase Stage Stage […]
Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas
The human body relies on various glands to regulate its functions. These glands can be broadly classified into two categories: exocrine and endocrine. Each type has distinct modes of secretion and roles within the body. Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Differences Between Exocrine and Endocrine Glands Feature Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Secretion Method Through ducts to […]
Vitamins and Minerals Deficiencies
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that the body requires in small amounts to function correctly. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to a variety of health issues. This overview details common vitamin and mineral deficiencies, their causes, symptoms, management, and the importance of addressing them promptly. Vitamin Deficiencies Mineral Deficiencies References
Comprehensive Abdominal Assessment
A comprehensive abdominal assessment is crucial in identifying potential abnormalities or underlying conditions within the abdominal cavity. This assessment involves a systematic approach, including patient history, inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation, each targeting specific signs and symptoms. Abdominal Quadrants The abdomen is divided into four quadrants to help localise and diagnose symptoms or conditions more […]
CRP and Procalcitonin Levels
C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) are biomarkers commonly used in clinical settings to assess inflammation, infection, and sepsis. These markers help guide diagnosis, treatment decisions, and prognostication in various medical conditions. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) CRP is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Its levels rise rapidly in response to […]
Common Anti-Secretory Drugs
Anti-secretory drugs reduce the production of gastric acid in the stomach. They are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Here’s an overview of these drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, considerations, and side effects according to UK standards. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Mechanism of Action: […]
Steroids
Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a class of drugs used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, allergies, asthma, and more. Here’s an overview of corticosteroids, their uses, and guidelines as per UK standards. Types of Steroids 1. Glucocorticoids: 2. Mineralocorticoids: […]
Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms, typically bacteria or yeast, that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. They are commonly used to promote gut health and balance the microbiome. What Are Probiotics? Definition: Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are often […]