Insulin and hypoglycaemic agents are essential for the management of diabetes mellitus, a condition characterised by high blood glucose levels. These medications help control blood sugar levels, either by increasing insulin production, enhancing insulin sensitivity, or reducing glucose production. Insulin Mechanism of Action: Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas. […]

Anti-motility agents, also known as anti-diarrhoeal medications, are used to manage diarrhoea by reducing intestinal motility. These medications help to alleviate symptoms and improve stool consistency. Loperamide (Imodium) Diphenoxylate and Atropine (Lomotil) Codeine Phosphate Norfloxacin-Tinidazole (Norflox TZ) Mechanism of Action: Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes necessary […]

Laxatives are medications used to treat constipation by facilitating bowel movements. They work through various mechanisms and are categorised based on their action in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 1. Bulk-Forming Laxatives 2. Stool Softeners 3. Osmotic Laxatives 4. Stimulant Laxatives 5. Lubricant Laxatives Side Effects and Considerations

Prokinetics are a class of medications that enhance gastrointestinal (GI) motility by increasing the contractions of the stomach and intestines. These medications are used to treat a variety of conditions where there is slowed or impaired GI motility. Metoclopramide (Reglan) Domperidone (Motilium) Cisapride (Propulsid) Erythromycin

A patient’s past medical history can significantly impact the function and health of their gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various conditions and previous medical events can alter the physiology of the GI tract, leading to a range of functional and structural changes. Common Conditions in Past Medical History Affecting GI Functions

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders can increase the risk of developing sepsis. Here is a detailed overview of the risk factors and mechanisms by which GI disorders can lead to sepsis. Common GI Disorders Associated […]

Effective management of surgical drains is crucial for optimal recovery in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Here is an overview of drain management practices, including specific types like Robinson, Pigtail, and Chest drains. 2. Jackson-Pratt (JP) Drain: 3. Hemovac Drain: 4. T-Tube: 5. Robinson Drain: 6. Pigtail Drain: 7. Chest Drain: Indications for Drain Placement Management […]

Liver function tests are blood tests that help assess the health and functionality of the liver by measuring the levels of various enzymes and substances. Key indicators include Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), and bilirubin. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Definition: ALT is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. […]

Acute Liver Impairment Definition: Acute liver impairment, or acute liver failure, is a rapid deterioration of liver function that occurs within days to weeks. It is characterised by jaundice, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy in individuals without preexisting liver disease. Causes: Symptoms: Diagnosis: Treatment: Acute Biliary Impairment Definition: Acute biliary impairment involves the sudden onset of conditions […]

Definition: (The Yellow Pigment Behind Jaundice) Bilirubin is a yellow compound that is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). Red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days. When they reach the end of their functional life, they are broken down by the spleen and liver. It is processed […]